Glossary of Neurodiversity terms

Neurodiversity

The concept that neurological differences, such as autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and others, are natural variations of the human brain and should be recognised and respected as such. It challenges the idea that these differences are disorders or deficits.

Neurodivergent

A term used to describe individuals whose neurological development and functioning are atypical, such as those with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, and other cognitive variations. It contrasts with “neurotypical,” which refers to individuals whose neurological development and functioning align with societal norms.

Neurotypical

A term for individuals whose neurological development and functioning are considered typical or standard, based on societal expectations and norms.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism includes the specific genes inherited from parents. In the context of neurodiversity, genotypes can influence neurological development and functioning.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an individual, such as physical traits, behaviours, and cognitive abilities, which result from the interaction between their genotype and the environment

Neurotype

A classification of an individual’s neurological traits or profile. This term describes different cognitive types, including neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals.

Affirming Approach

An approach that focuses on recognising, supporting, and celebrating an individual’s unique neurotype rather than attempting to “fix” or “cure” perceived deficits. It encourages understanding and embracing differences.

Deficit-based Labels

Labels that focus on what is perceived as “wrong” or “missing” in an individual, usually linked to negative or limiting views of those who are neurodivergent. Examples include terms like “disorder” or “deficiency.”

Strength-based Approach

An approach that focuses on recognising and nurturing an individual’s strengths and talents rather than focusing solely on challenges or areas of difficulty. In neurodiversity, this approach emphasises the unique abilities that neurodivergent individuals bring to the world.

Social Justice
The concept of creating a fair and equal society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, regardless of their background, identity, or neurotype. In the context of neurodiversity, it refers to advocating for the rights and inclusion of neurodivergent individuals.

Inclusion

Ensuring that individuals of all abilities, backgrounds, and neurotypes are fully included and respected in all areas of society, including education, employment, and social settings.

Accommodations

Modifications or adjustments to environments, practices, or systems to help neurodivergent individuals participate and thrive. For example, this may include providing extra time for tests or offering flexible working hours.

Sensory Processing

How the brain receives and responds to sensory input from the environment, such as sights, sounds, and textures. Neurodivergent individuals may process sensory information differently, which can lead to heightened or reduced sensitivities.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental condition characterised by differences in social communication, behaviour, and sensory processing. Individuals with autism may have a range of abilities and challenges, and the term “spectrum” reflects this wide diversity of experiences

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

A condition characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is often associated with challenges in focus, organisation, and impulse control, but individuals with ADHD also demonstrate strengths such as creativity and energy

Dyslexia
A specific learning difficulty that affects the ability to read, write, and spell. It is not related to intelligence but to differences in how the brain processes written and spoken language.

Empowerment

The process of giving individuals the confidence, tools, and opportunities to make their own decisions and control their lives. In neurodiversity, empowerment involves providing neurodivergent individuals with the support they need to succeed and thrive.

Inclusive Education

An approach to education that seeks to accommodate and support all students, regardless of their neurotype, background, or abilities. It encourages differentiated teaching methods to meet the diverse needs of learners.

Mental Health Support

Resources and services to help individuals manage and improve their mental well-being. This includes therapies, counselling, and other forms of assistance to address issues such as anxiety, depression, or stress that can affect neurodivergent individuals.

Self-Esteem

One’s sense of personal worth and value. Building self-esteem in neurodivergent individuals is a key goal, focusing on recognising their worth and unique abilities rather than framing them through a deficit lens.

Neurodiversity Paradigm
A framework or perspective that views neurological differences as natural variations of the human brain, rather than as disorders or deficits to be treated or cured. This paradigm advocates for the acceptance, celebration, and support of neurodivergent individuals, shifting from focusing on “fixing” them to valuing their unique contributions to society.

Neurodiversity Movement

A social movement that advocates for the rights, inclusion, and celebration of neurodivergent individuals. The movement seeks to challenge traditional views of disability and promote a more inclusive society where neurological differences are accepted and accommodated. It is about social justice, equality for people with different neurotypes.

Neurodiversity Affirming Practice

An approach that actively embraces, supports, and celebrates neurodiversity in individuals. This practice focuses on understanding and nurturing the strengths and needs of neurodivergent individuals while providing an environment that understands their unique ways of thinking, learning, and interacting with the world. It involves shifting into a strength-based, person-centred approach that affirms and validates neurodivergent identities.